| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module are components that transform sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a device that absorbs sunlight to produce heat, generally used for water heating or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses solar radiation to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, space heating, or power generation. It is a renewable and eco-friendly technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural traditions, notable attractions, and vibrant urban areas like the capital. It boasts a varied landscape of undulating terrain, ancient castles, and bustling urban centers that combine history with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the natural light emitted by the star, essential for existence on Earth as it supplies fuel for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a type of energy generated by the motion of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers countless systems and infrastructures, supporting contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a opposite electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, typically produced by cell packs, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into electric power to operate various digital equipment. It includes one or more electrochemical cells, each containing electrode pairs interposed by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an eco-friendly energy option that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a unit that changes direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for home use and grid integration. It is vital for optimizing energy use and ensuring reliable, dependable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that reverses polarity periodically, usually used in home and business power supplies. It permits efficient transmission of electricity over great lengths and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It provides efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a tool used to ascertain the dimension, quantity, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like meters, temperature sensors, and manometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement across the day, increasing energy absorption. This system improves the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are huge facilities that harness sunlight to produce electricity using numerous solar panels. They supply a sustainable and sustainable energy power, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels and lowering pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves installing photovoltaic panels on building rooftops to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated solar power system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an spacecraft equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This energy is then transmitted wirelessly to the planet's surface for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess electricity generated from green sources or the power grid for future use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These solutions commonly employ batteries to offer backup energy, lower energy expenses, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of photovoltaic cells tracks the development and innovations in solar power technology from the early finding of the solar effect to contemporary advanced solar panels. It showcases significant innovations, including the creation of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have substantially boosted power transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French scientist renowned for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and glow. His research laid the foundation for grasping how radiation interacts with certain materials to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and researcher known for discovering the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work formed the basis for the creation of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an US innovator who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the basis for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work laid the foundation for modern photovoltaic technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned research and development entity long-standing associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the source of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, well known for its key role in the manufacturing of electronic components and solar modules. It is a hard, breakable crystalline material with a steel-gray sheen, primarily used as a semiconductor in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a little component installed on each solar module to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This method enhances system performance, facilitates better system tracking, and boosts energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a component that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is commonly used in photovoltaic systems to offer a green and sustainable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon is a fundamental particle that represents a packet of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It serves a key role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the process by which certain materials turn sunlight immediately into electricity through the creation of charge carriers. This effect is the fundamental concept behind solar panel systems, allowing the harnessing of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a slim slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic systems due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a lower cost. They use thin semiconductor layers only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, furniture, and weather conditions. Both are essential considerations in structural design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components sequentially, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the same voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power refers to the rate at which electricity flows by an electric circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. It is generated through various sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and renewable energy, and crucial for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, indicating the rate of energy flow or conversion. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical voltage difference between two points, which drives the movement of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the energy per individual charge ready to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of electrical potential, potential difference, and electromotive force in the metric system. It measures the voltage per coulomb between locations in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the flow of electricity through a conductor wire, commonly measured in amps. It is essential for powering electronic equipment and enabling the operation of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the measure of electric current in the SI units, represented by A. It measures the movement of electric charge through a conductor over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the amount of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and electrical load in a circuit. It affects the layout and power of power systems to guarantee secure and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical housing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a easy and consistent method of supplying electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is commonly used for powering and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a device that changes direct current (DC) from inputs like cells or solar arrays into AC suitable for domestic gadgets. It allows the application of standard electrical devices in locations where only DC energy is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the angle of solar panels to follow the sun’s path throughout the daytime, optimizing energy absorption. This technology improves the effectiveness of solar power gathering by maintaining best panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the power output of solar energy systems by constantly tuning the working point to correspond to the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This process guarantees the best performance energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that tracks and evaluates the effectiveness of solar panel systems in instantaneous, delivering valuable data on energy generation and system status. It helps enhance solar power output by identifying issues early and securing highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are frequently used in solar arrays to power homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous tiny silicon lattice structures, frequently used in solar modules and semiconductor manufacturing. Its manufacturing process involves fusing and recrystallizing silicon to generate a ultra-pure, polycrystalline form fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure variant of silicon with a uniform lattice framework, making it very effective for use in solar panels and electronics. Its homogeneous framework allows for improved electron transfer, resulting in higher functionality compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a kind of thin-film solar method that offers a affordable and high-performance option for large-scale solar energy generation. They are known as their excellent absorption capability and relatively affordable manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are thin-film photovoltaic devices that use a multi-layered material of copper, In, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into energy efficiently. They are known for their excellent light capturing effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for compact, economical solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a non-ordered atomic structure, making it easier to handle and easier to deposit than structured silicon. It is often used in solar panels and electronic systems due to its economic advantage and adaptable features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic modules aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and innovative techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar cells are innovative photovoltaic modules that utilize various p-n connections stacked in unison to collect a wider spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly increasing their efficiency. These are primarily employed in space satellites and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that generate sunlight into electric power to operate onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, durable, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic element, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor known for its great electron mobility and effectiveness in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ focusing elements or reflectors to direct sunlight onto highly efficient multi-junction solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This approach is perfect for massive solar power plants in regions with direct sunlight, delivering a economical option for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a delicate coating of CIGS compound as the solar semiconductor, known for high efficiency and flexibility. They offer a lightweight, economical alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a very thin layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in multiple technological uses. These films are important in electronics, optical systems, and films for their special physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a sustainable and affordable energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of compound spanning fractions of a nanometer to a few microns in thickness, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These films are used in diverse fields, including electronics, light manipulation, and healthcare, to change surface traits or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to depict minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate gauges used to precisely measure tiny gaps or thicknesses, generally in machining and manufacturing. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a fine, disk-shaped slice of silicon crystal used as the foundation for producing semiconductor devices. It functions as the core material in the manufacture of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film solar modules recognized for their excellent performance and bendability, perfect for multiple fields. They employ a layered semiconductor architecture that transforms sunlight directly into electrical energy with outstanding effectiveness in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is known for being cost-effective and having a comparatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sun rays directly into energy using PV cells, offering a green energy source for home, commercial, and utility-scale applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and cost-effective way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that turns sunlight into electricity using a photosensitive dye to capture light and generate electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and versatile alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for cost-effective, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that employ carbon-based compounds, to transform solar radiation into electrical power. They are easy to handle, bendable, and offer the potential for cost-effective, large-area solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous photovoltaic substance used in thin-film solar panels due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its superior optical-electronic properties make it an attractive alternative for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, facades, and fenestration. This innovative approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves placing a transparent film to the inside or outside of cars or structures glazing to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and gives a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of photovoltaic power stations details various extensive solar energy facilities around the world, highlighting their power and locations. These stations serve a important role in sustainable energy production and global efforts to lower carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are massive facilities that convert sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They are essential in clean energy production, lessening dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as pollution, global warming, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote eco-friendly methods and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from environmentally friendly sources that are constantly replenished, such as the sun, breezes, and hydropower. It offers a renewable solution to non-renewable energy sources, reducing ecological footprint and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as bituminous coal, petroleum, and fossil gas, are limited reserves formed over millions of years and are exhausted when used. They are the primary power sources for electrical energy and mobility but pose environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and green energy into electrical power. This process typically occurs in power stations where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce power for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, harmful elements such as lead, quicksilver, cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness assesses how well a photovoltaic device transforms sunlight into usable electrical energy. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy production and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has accelerated rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological advancements and reducing prices. This development is changing the world energy sector by raising the share of renewable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power plants built to generate electricity on a industrial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover extensive areas and utilize solar panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a see-through device that refracts light to focus or diverge rays, creating images. It is frequently used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to control light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a coating applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It boosts the sharpness and luminosity of screens by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in such a way that their amplitudes cancel each other out, causing a reduction or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This phenomenon usually happens when the waves are out of phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, commonly employed in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates following a sine wave over time, enabling efficient transmission across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a small device used to convert DC from a individual solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It boosts system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the panel level and streamlines installation and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC electrical energy, is electrical power delivered through a system where the voltage level and current cyclically reverse polarity, enabling efficient transmission over extended ranges. It is generally used in households and commercial sectors to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a kind of electrical connector used to supply DC energy from a power source to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a round plug and jack that ensure a firm and dependable connection for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide protection validation agency that evaluates and certifies products to guarantee they meet particular safety norms. It helps consumers and firms find reliable and protected products through rigorous evaluation and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electronic networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this setup, the identical electric current passes through all parts, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple channels for current flow. This configuration allows devices to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a solid-state device that allows current to move in a single sense only, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12-volt, designed to deliver electrical power for various devices and attachments within a vehicle. It allows users to charge electronic gadgets or run small electronics when on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for linking hardware to PCs, allowing data transfer and power delivery. It backs a wide range of hardware such as keyboards, pointer devices, external storage, and cell phones, with different revisions delivering higher speeds and enhanced functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into electrical energy. Enhancing this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy generation and making solar power economical and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on developments in solar power, wind power, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of EM radiation, spanning from radio signals to high-energy photons, all possessing diverse lengths and power. This spectrum is essential for a wide array of devices and natural events, allowing signal transmission, medical imaging, and insight into the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a form of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily emitted by the solar radiation. It has a crucial role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also result in skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color design based on shades of a individual hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and accord. This design approach emphasizes clarity and sophistication by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per sq meter. It is a important parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to measure the magnitude of power or energy flow received or emitted over a particular surface, commonly in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the spread and conveyance of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of different tones or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is often used to illustrate the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large body of atmosphere with comparatively uniform temperature and moisture features, coming from from particular source regions. These air masses affect weather patterns and air situations as they move across diverse regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the quantification of the intensity per square kilometer received from the solar source in the manner of light. It changes with solar activity and Earth's weather systems, impacting climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in photovoltaic systems refers to the collection of dust, and other particles on the exterior of solar arrays, which reduces their efficiency. Consistent upkeep and servicing are important to limit energy loss and maintain maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when current flow is absent, measured across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the highest electrical current that travels through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, going around the normal load. It creates a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the highest power capacity of a solar array under ideal sunlight conditions. It indicates the module's peak potential to generate electricity in standard testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an measuring tool used to determine the potential difference between two points in a electronic circuit. It is commonly used in various electrical and electronic applications to verify proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi-metal chemical element essential for plant development and employed in various industrial uses, such as glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits distinctive chemical properties that render it beneficial in producing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a robust and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant collects sunlight using extensive arrays of photovoltaic modules to create renewable electricity. It offers an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated approach of utilizing land for both solar energy output and farming, making the most of space and resources. This method boosts crop production while concurrently generating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by utilizing albedo effect and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a framework that provides cover while creating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a group of numerous photovoltaic modules designed to create electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in green energy setups to produce clean, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a construction that offers shade and protection from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It boosts the practicality and aesthetic appeal of a terrace, making it a pleasant space for relaxation and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of objects in the heavens relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference direction, usually true north, to the line linking an viewer to a destination. It is frequently used in routing, surveying, and astronomy to specify the orientation of an target with respect to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic substance extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It exhibits outstanding optical characteristics, making it a preferred choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy adoption and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to assess big electricity production and usage. It is generally associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and large-scale energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in solar PV energy solutions, focused on manufacturing thin film solar panels that deliver high-performance and affordable energy production. The company is committed to sustainable energy development and reducing the world dependency on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly linking various elements of factory and automated systems to enhance efficiency and dependability. It aims on creating advanced solutions that enable seamless communication and cooperation among diverse technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an leading China's company focused on manufacturing and innovating solar solar goods and services. Famous for cutting-edge technology and green energy projects in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often used to represent the potential of massively scaled power production or usage. It highlights the huge energy scale involved in current power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production decreases as total output rises, due to learning curve and efficiencies achieved over time. This effect highlights the significance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and enhancing efficiency in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics turn sunlight straight into electricity through semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This technology is a clean, green energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of generating solar or wind energy is the same as or less than the price of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity indicates that green energy sources are cost-effectively viable with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a network of power lines, offering a dependable source of energy for numerous appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is supplied through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all elements of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is crucial for guaranteeing the efficient and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is harnessed from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It is a sustainable, eco-friendly, and eco-conscious source of power that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, business, and industrial sites to generate clean, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, offering sustainable energy solutions where traditional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar energy products features a selection of devices that harness sunlight to generate energy, promoting green and sustainable living. These products include covering solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, delivering multi-purpose alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a installation that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. It is a sustainable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ optical lenses plus mirrors to focus sunlight on high-performance photovoltaic cells, significantly boosting energy capture using less space. This method is particularly effective where intense, direct sunlight and offers a viable solution to reducing solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
